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Unknown Title

Unknown Author

USA

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Unknown Title, 2.000-1.000 BC

Unknown Author

San Raphael, Utah

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Unknown Title, 8.000 BC

Unknown Author

Bhimbetka Rock Shelters, India

https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/03/10-prehistoric-cave-paintings/126971

Unknown Title, 15.000-10.000 BC

Unknown Author

Lascaux, France

historytoday.com/archive/natural-histories/prehistoric-horses

Unknown Title

Unknown Author

Serra da Capivara, Brazil

viagemeturismo.abril.com.br/atracao/parque-nacional-da-serra-da-capivara/

Unknown Title, 30.000-10.000 BC

Unknown Author

Kakadu National Park

heritagedaily.com/2020/03/10-prehistoric-cave-paintings/126971

Sumerian Cuneiform, 3200 BC

Unknown Author

mesopotamianhistory.wordpress.com/3179200-cuneiform-writing-of-the-ancient-sumerian-or-assyrian-civilization-in-iraq/

Clay Tablet with Sumerian Pictographs, 3100 BC

Unknown Author

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Temple of Kom Ombo: Hieroglyphs

Unknown Author

britannica.com/topic/hieroglyph

Hieroglyphs

Unknown Author

conhecimentocientifico.com/escrita-origem-historia/

Rebus

Unknown Author

timetoast.com/timelines/the-history-of-graphic-design-44a77e73-69a8-417a-bb91-891203d26898

Oracle Bone, 1600-1046 BC

Unknown Author

beyond-calligraphy.com/2010/03/05/oracle-bone-script/

Grooms and Horses, 1296-1359 BC

Zhao Mengfu

metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yuan/hd_yuan.htm

A Sheep and Goat, 1300 BC

Zhao Mengfu

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Chin Wen, 1100-1000 BC

Unknown Author

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Chop, 206 BC-220 AD

Unknown Author

artblogbyegborg.blogspot.com/2013/10/history-of-writing-part-4-chinese.html

The Book of Durrow, 650-700

Unknown Author

artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/the-book-of-durrow/tAKy0erUfMJQIQ

Book of Kells, 800

Unknown Author

adlmagazin.wordpress.com/2014/01/02/the-beautiful-book-of-kells/

Book of Kells, 800

Unknown Author

adlmagazin.wordpress.com/2014/01/02/the-beautiful-book-of-kells/

Manuscrit du Moralia in Job de Grégoire le Grand, 945

Unknown Author

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

São Cristóvão, 1423

Unknown Author

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Gutenberg Bible, 1450-1455

Johann Gutenberg

apollo-magazine.com/gutenbergs-printed-bible-landmark-european-culture/

Psalmorum Codex, 1457

Fust and Schoeffer

lookandlearn.com/history-images/M163255/Page-from-the-Psalmorum-Codex

Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, 1459

Jan Fust and Peter Schoeffer

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

K, 1464

Unknown Author

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Paupers' Bible, 1465

Albrecht Pfister

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Liber Chronicarum, 1493

Anton Koberger

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Liber Chronicarum, 1493

Anton Koberger

arthousehejtmanek.cz/en/exhibitions-and-auctions/evening-auction-2017-18/list-of-works-of-art/liber-chronicarum-the-nuremberg-chronicle-5114/#!

Das Leben der Maria, 1511

Albrecht Dürer

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Underweisung der Messung, 1525

Albrecht Dürer

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Ringer-Kunst, 1539

Auerswald

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Geometriae Elementa, 1482

Erhard Ratdolt, Peter Loeslein and Bernhard Maier

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, 1499

Aldus Manutius

malomil.blogspot.com/2019/07/hypnerotomachia-poliphili.html

Champ Fleury, 1529

Geoffrey Tory

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tory-champ-fleury-spread.jpg

Natura Stirpium Libri Tres, 1536

Simon de Colines

books0977.tumblr.com/post/25719435311/de-natura-stirpium-libri-tres-title-page-1536

Bible, 1540

Robert Estienne

florilege.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/items/show/13810

Romain du Roi, 1695

Louis Simonneau

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Romain du Roi, 1695

Louis Simonneau

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Specimens of Caslon roman and italic, 1734.

William Caslon

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Ariette, Mise en Musique, 1756

Pierre Simon Fournier

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Manuel Typographique, 1764-1768

Pierre Simon Fournier

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_Typographique_cover.png

Manuel Typographique, 1764-1768

Pierre Simon Fournier

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_Typographique_cover.png

Saggio Tipografico, 1771

Giambattista Bodoni

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

The Chase, 1796

Thomas Bewick

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William-Bulmer-The-Chase-1796.jpg

Manuale Tipografico, 1818

Giambattista Bodoni

alai.it/dettaglio.php?lang_id=1&ev_id=391

Twelve Lines Pica, 1765

Thomas Cotterell

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Fat Face, 1815

Robert Thorne

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Antique, 1821

Vincent Figgins

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Egytptian, 1821

Robert Thorne

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Pearl, 1828

Vincent Figgins

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Ornamented Typeface, 1838-1842

Woods and Sharwoods

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

View from the Window at Le Gras, 1826

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

cool.culturalheritage.org/byorg/abbey/an/an26/an26-3/an26-307.html

Photogenic Drawing of a Plant, 1835

William Henry Fox Talbot

meisterdrucke.pt/artista/William-Henry-Fox-Talbot.html

Bulevar de Paris, 1839

Louis Jacques Daguerre

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

An Oak Tree in Winter, 1841

William Henry Fox Talbot

bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106980.html

A federal encampment at Cumberland Landing on the Virginia Peninsula, 1862

Mathew Brady

eu.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/life/books/2013/08/15/iconic-photos-from-mathew-brady-civil-war-photographer/2662871/

Figure Hopping, 1887

Eadweard Muybridge

cienciadoamanha.com/2020/05/30/eadweard-muybridge/

Acanthus Wallpaper, 1875

William Morris

vam.ac.uk/articles/william-morris-and-wallpaper-design

Wren’s City Churches, 1883

Arthur H. Mackmurdo

longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2009/12/prehistories-of-famous-things-art-nouveau.html

The Angel with the Trumpet, 1884

Herbert Percy Horne

vam.ac.uk/articles/arts-and-crafts-an-introduction

Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi Bridge and Atake, 1856-1859

Hishikawa Moronobu

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Histoire des quatre fils Aymon, 1883

Eugène Grasset

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Delftsche Slaolie, 1894

Jan Toorop

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Le Morte d'Arthur”: "How Four Queens Found Launcelot Sleeping, 1896-97

Aubrey Beardsley

victorianweb.org/art/illustration/beardsley/49.html

The Studio, 1893

Aubrey Beardsley

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Salon des Cent, Exoposition E. Grasset, 1894

Eugène Grasset

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

The Kiss, 1898

Peter Behrens

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

John and Salomé, for Salomé, 1907

Aubrey Beardsley

themarginalian.org/2016/01/25/aubrey-beardsley-oscar-wilde-salome/

The Glasgow Institute of Fine Arts, 1895

Margaret Macdonald, Frances Macdonald and J. Herbert McNair

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

The Scottish Musical Review, 1896

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Ver Sacrum, XIII, 1902

Koloman Moserr

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

14th exhibition of the Viennese Secession, 1902

Alfred Roller

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Vienna Secession XVI, Ver Sacrum, 1903

Alfred Roller

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907

Pablo Picasso

moma.org/learn/moma_learning/pablo-picasso-les-demoiselles-davignon-paris-june-july-1907/

Mandora, 1909–10

Georges Braque

tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/cubism

Violin and Checkerboard, 1913

Juan Gris

theartist.me/art-inspiration/20-most-famous-cubism-paintings/

Bowl of Fruit, Violin and Bottle, 1914

Pablo Picasso

tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/cubism

Breakfast (Le Petit déjeuner), 1914

Juan Gris

moma.org/collection/terms/cubism

Weeping Woman, 1937

Pablo Picasso

tate.org.uk/art/artworks/picasso-weeping-woman-t05010

Les Mots en Liberté Futuristes, 1919

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/2016/a-revolution-in-language

Espansione dinamica + velocità, 1913

Giacomo Balla

artsandculture.google.com/asset/espansione-dinamica-velocit%C3%A0-giacomo-balla/XAH8VibCmJhkRw

Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, 1912

Giacomo Balla

britannica.com/topic/Dynamism-of-a-Dog-on-a-Leash

Dancer in Pigalle, 1912

Gino Severini

wikiart.org/en/gino-severini/dancer-in-pigalle-1912

The Red Horseman, 1913

Carlo Carra

wikiart.org/en/carlo-carra/the-red-horseman-1913

ACharge of the Lancers, 1916

Umberto Boccionia

fineartamerica.com/featured/load-of-spearmen-digital-remastered-edition-umberto-boccioni.html

Reciting the Sound Poem "Karawane", 1916

Hugo Ball

theartstory.org/movement/dada/

Kleine Dada Soirée, 1922

Theo van Doesburg with Kurt Schwitters

moma.org/collection/works/5533?locale=en

Rayograph, 1922

Man Ray

moma.org/collection/terms/rayograph

Merz, 1924

Kurt Schwitters

theartstory.org/artist/schwitters-kurt/

Depero futurista, 1927

Fortunato Depero

ivorypress.com/en/libreria/shop/the-bolted-book-depero-futurista-facsimile-edition/

Depero futurista, 1927

Fortunato Depero

ivorypress.com/en/libreria/shop/the-bolted-book-depero-futurista-facsimile-edition/

Adolf, the Superman: Swallows gold and talks tin, 1935

John Heartfield

havingalookathistoryofgraphicdesign.blogspot.com/2012/11/dadaism.html

Dirigible, 1910

Alfred Stieglitz

wikiart.org/pt/alfred-stieglitz/o-dirigivel-1910

Design in Abstract Forms of Light, 1925

Francis Bruguière

metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/265453

Rayograph, 1922

Man Ray

metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/265487

Rayograph, 1922

Man Ray

metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/265487

Glasaugen, 1929

Herbert Bayer

POLLIG, Hermann; SUHLE, Viola. Bauhausfotografie. Edição nº41. Stuttgart: Dr.Cantz’sche Druckerei, 1989

Photogram, 1938

László Moholy-Nagy

orit-ben-shitrit.com/310-2/

Humanly Impossible (Self-Portrait), 1932/p>

Herbert Bayer

tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/photography/a-z

Kehl, 1908

Ludwig Hohlwein

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Daddy, what did you do in the Great War?, 1915

Saville Lumley

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

8. Kriegsanleihe, 1918

Julius Klinger

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Julius_Klinger_WWI_poster.jpg

Power - the nerve centre of London's Underground, 1931

Edward McKnight Kauffer

artsandculture.google.com/asset/power-the-nerve-centre-of-london-s-underground-edward-mcknight-kauffer/yQHhBvt03BTMjA

Die Weltwoche, 1950

Herbert Leupin

moma.org/collection/works/7229

Actor's Work Clothes, 1921

Liubov Popova

wikiart.org/pt/artists-by-art-movement/construtivismo-russo#!#resultType:masonry

Proun, 1923

El Lissitzky

wikiart.org/pt/el-lissitzky/proun-1923

Better Pacifiers, 1923

Aleksandr Ródtchenko

janmiddendorp.com/work/books/books-contributed-to/area-2

Books, 1924

Aleksandr Ródtchenko

revolutionizingtheworld.wordpress.com/2017/10/09/designing/

USSR Russische Ausstellung, 1929

El Lissitzky

moma.org/collection/works/6458

Let's Fulfill the Plan of Great Works, 1930

Gustav Klutsis

moma.org/collection/works/6487

De Stijl, 1917

Vilmos Huszár

moma.org/collection/works/7893

Composition IX, 1918

Theo van Doesburg

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theo_van_doesburg,_composizione_IX,_opus_18,_immaginazione_supplementare_dei_giocatori_di_carte,_1917-18.jpg

De Stijl, cover vol. 6, 1918

Vilmos Huszár

garadinervi.tumblr.com/post/142087376351/vilmos-huszar-de-stijl-n-6-and-n-2-cover-1918

De Stijl, cover vol. 2, 1918

Vilmos Huszár

garadinervi.tumblr.com/post/142087376351/vilmos-huszar-de-stijl-n-6-and-n-2-cover-1918

De Stijl, 1920

Theo van Doesburg

aegis-education.com/de-stijl/

Composition with large red plane, yellow, black, gray and blue, 1921

Piet Mondrian

meisterdrucke.pt/impressoes-artisticas-sofisticadas/Piet-Mondrian/377641/Composi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-com-grande-avi%C3%A3o-vermelho,-amarelo,-preto,-cinza-e-azul,-1921.html

Principles of Neo-Plastic Art: Bauhausbucher, 1925

Theo van Doesburg and László Moholy-Nagy

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

De Stijl, cover vol. 8, 1928

Theo van Doesburg

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stijl_vol_08_nr_85-86.jpg

Staatliches Bauhaus in Weimar, 1919

László Moholy-Nagy

bauhaus-bookshelf.org/first-bauhaus-book-weimar-1919-1924.html

Reflecting Light Games, 1922-1923

Kurt Schwerdtfeger

bauhauskooperation.com/knowledge/the-bauhaus/works/photography/reflecting-light-games/

Linoleum Engraving, 1923

László Moholy-Nagy

DROSTE, Magdalena. Bauhaus (Bauhaus Archiv). Köln: Taschen, 1992

Poster for the Bauhaus Exhibition in Weimar, 1923

Joost Schmidt

bauhauskooperation.com/knowledge/the-bauhaus/works/graphic-printshop/poster-for-the-1923-bauhaus-exhibition-in-weimar/

Photogram, 1925

László Moholy-Nagy

artblart.com/tag/laszlo-moholy-nagy-photogram-192528/

Universal Alphabet, 1926

Herbert Bayer

DROSTE, Magdalena. Bauhaus (Bauhaus Archiv). Köln: Taschen, 1992

Norm (Poster for an exhibition of Swiss industrial design at the Kunstgewerbemuseum Zürich), 1928

Theo H. Ballmer

moma.org/collection/works/7916

Giselle, Basler Freilichtspiele, 1954

Armin Hofmann

arminhofmann.ch/arminhofmann.html

Die Gute Form, 1959

Armin Hofmann

moma.org/collection/works/6775

Weniger Lärm, 1960

Josef Müller-Brockmann

moma.org/collection/works/7339

Möbel unserer Zeit, 1962

Armin Hofmann

moma.org/collection/works/7750

The Berlin layout, 1971

Anton Stankowski

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin-layout-stankowski.jpg

Direction Magazine, 1940

Paul Rand

medium.com/fgd1-the-archive/merry-christmas-direction-paul-rand-1938-19-7905ff336f97

Thoughts on Design, 1946

Paul Rand

areaofdesign.com/paul-rand/

Jazzways, 1946

Paul Rand

paulrand.design/work/Jazzways.html

American Institute of Graphic Arts, 1968

Paul Rand

paulrand.design/work/AIGA.html

Advertisement for CBS radio, 1951

Lou Dorfsman and Andy Warhol

flickr.com/photos/history_of_graphic_design/9007885914

82 Diaspron typewriter, 1959

Giovanni Pintori

design-is-fine.org/post/165667188524/giovanni-pintori-cover-or-sales-folder-for-82

Olivetti Elettrosumma 22, 1962

Giovanni Pintori

moma.org/collection/works/5209

Advertisement for CBS news, 1968

Lou Dorfsman

timesofisrael.com/jewish-pioneers-of-tv-history-on-display-in-new-show/

Eye Bee M, 1981

Paul Rand

internationalposter.com/product/ibm-rebus--1st-printing/

The Association, 1966

Wes Wilson

collectorsweekly.com/articles/psychedelic-poster-pioneer-wes-wilson/

New Year Bash, 1966-1967

Wes Wilson

nytimes.com/2020/01/30/arts/design/wes-wilson-dead.html

The Byrds, 1967

Wes Wilson

medium.com/fgd1-the-archive/merry-christmas-direction-paul-rand-1938-19-7905ff336f97

Quicksilver Messenger Service, 1967

Victor Moscoso

sfmoma.org/artwork/95.504/

The Miller Blues Band, 1967

Victor Moscoso

moma.org/collection/works/173255?artist_id=4117&page=1&sov_referrer=artist

Quicksilver Messenger Service, John Lee Hooker, The Miller Blues Band, 1967

Victor Moscoso

moma.org/collection/works/200007?artist_id=4117&page=1&sov_referrer=artist

Anarchy in the U.K. fanzine, 1976

Jamie Reid

designobserver.com/feature/the-art-of-punk-and-the-punk-aesthetic/36708

Flyer promoting a gig by Adam and the Ants, 1977

Adam Ant

designobserver.com/feature/the-art-of-punk-and-the-punk-aesthetic/36708

Poster promoting a gig by Crass, 1978

Crass

designobserver.com/feature/the-art-of-punk-and-the-punk-aesthetic/36708

X-Ray Spex at The Round House, 1978

Andrew Krivine

printmag.com/culturally-related-design/punk-aesthetic-graphic-design/

Crass, Yes Sir, I Will LP (back), 1982

Crass

designobserver.com/feature/the-art-of-punk-and-the-punk-aesthetic/36708

E. Lutz & Company, 1964

Rosmarie Tissi

pablolisboa.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/328_tissi_clichelutz_inserat_1964.jpg

Union, 1968

Siegfried Odermatt

burningsettlerscabin.com/burning-settlers-cabin/2015/11/5/hiestand

Typografie,1971

Dan Friedman

artsy.net/artwork/dan-friedman-typografie

Typographic Process, Nr 4. Typographic Signs, 1971-1972

Wolfgang Weingart

moma.org/collection/works/86506

Kunst Kredit,1977

Wolfgang Weingart

clementinecarriere.wordpress.com/2012/02/24/wolfgang-weingart/

Macintosh 128k icons, 1994

Susan Kare

The Graduate Program in Design, 1989

Katherine McCoy

cranbrookartmuseum.org/artwork/katherine-mccoy-posters-the-graduate-program-in-design/

Lou Reed poster, 1996

Stefan Sagmeister

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Sunrise Sunset Yusaku Kamekura, 1999

Makoto Saito

sfmoma.org/artwork/2000.137/

Hamburger Sommer, 2003

Holger Matthies

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009

Nur Fliegen ist schöner, 2003

Uwe Loesch

MEGGS, Philip; PURVIS, Alson. History of Graphic Design. 4º edição. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2009